These are organelles in plant cells, divided into three types: chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane of the chloroplast, folded into stacks called grana. Leucoplasts are white or colorless, storing starch; and chromoplasts with red, yellow, or orange pigments, accumulating nutrients or harmful substances that make flower petals bright to attract insects. Plastids can transform into each other, for example, chloroplasts can become chromoplasts as leaves age or fruits ripen.

These are the power stations of the cell. They exist in all eukaryotes. From organic substances (proteins, fats, or carbohydrates), under the action of oxygen, water and carbon dioxide are formed, and the released energy is stored in the form of ATP. The process occurs on cristae – protrusions of the inner membrane of mitochondria.

The most important part of the cell, responsible for the transmission and storage of genetic information. It has a spherical or ovoid shape and consists of a nuclear envelope (inner and outer membranes), nuclear sap, chromatin, and several nucleoli, which may appear and disappear.

They carry out the biosynthesis of proteins, i.e., they connect amino acids into protein. They are present in all living cells, even prokaryotes.

These are small membranous vesicles involved in the transport, storage, and processing of substances. They participate in exocytosis, endocytosis, and are important for intracellular transport and metabolism, contributing to homeostasis, growth, and development of the cell.

It performs a protective function. All cells are covered with a cell membrane. But in addition to the membrane, there is also a cell wall outside. It makes cells strong, maintains their shape, and consists of cellulose. Unlike animal cell walls, it is strong and dense.

This is a network of membranes responsible for the production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids. There are rough with ribosomes for protein synthesis and smooth for lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.

This is a membranous vesicle with cellular juice, where harmful and reserve substances are stored in the form of concentrated solutions. It also maintains intracellular pressure in plant cells.

It carries out intracellular transport of substances, modification, and synthesis of fats and carbohydrates, formation of lysosomes. It consists of a membrane folded into cavities and cisterns located near the nucleus. Membrane vesicles are constantly detached from them. Substances for secretion outside or for long-term storage may be found there.