These are long, thin, rotating structures that protrude from the cell surface and are primarily used to facilitate cell mobility. The rotation speed of flagella is quite high: 100-300 revolutions per second.

This is additional hereditary factors located in cells outside the chromosomes and representing circular DNA.

A circularly closed, superhelical, double-stranded DNA molecule located in the nuclear region (nucleoid) of a bacterium, where it performs the functions of storing, reproducing, and transmitting hereditary information.

They participate in the synthesis of protein from amino acids. Ribosomes in bacterial cells are not grouped into an endoplasmic reticulum as in cells with a nucleus. It is the ribosomes that often become the "target" for many antibacterial agents.

It regulates osmotic pressure and performs a transport function. It participates in the processes of respiration, nutrition, and division.

It gives the bacterial cell a specific shape and protects its contents from the impact of unfavorable environmental conditions. It consists of two layers, and some bacteria have a third layer. The first layer is the membrane, the second layer is the cell wall, which gives the cell a permanent shape, and the third layer is the mucous capsule (only present in some bacteria).

A mucous structure firmly attached to the cell wall. It inhibits phagocytosis, i.e., the process by which cells absorb foreign particles. It protects the bacterium from drying out. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, bacteria form a capsule.

Short threads that surround the bacterial cell in large numbers, which bacteria use to attach to substrates (such as to the surfaces of mucous membranes). They are factors of adhesion (adhesion is the bond between the surfaces of two contacting bodies, causing them to stick to each other) and colonization.